Base Conversions Made Easy - CalcPro's Programmer Calculator

Whether you're a software developer, computer science student, or electronics enthusiast, CalcPro's Programmer Calculator (Base Conversions) is an essential tool. This guide covers everything from basic conversions to advanced bitwise operations.

Overview

The Programmer Calculator displays numbers in multiple bases simultaneously:

• DEC: Decimal (base 10) - our everyday number system
• HEX: Hexadecimal (base 16) - used in programming and web colors
• OCT: Octal (base 8) - used in Unix file permissions
• BIN: Binary (base 2) - the fundamental language of computers

Understanding Number Bases

Decimal (Base 10)

What we use daily: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Example: 255₁₀ = 2×100 + 5×10 + 5×1

Binary (Base 2)

Only two digits: 0 and 1

Example: 11111111₂ = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255

Octal (Base 8)

Eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Example: 377₈ = 3×64 + 7×8 + 7×1 = 255

Hexadecimal (Base 16)

Sixteen digits: 0-9 and A-F

Hex	Decimal
A	10
B	11
C	12
D	13
E	14
F	15

Example: FF₁₆ = 15×16 + 15×1 = 255

The Interface

Multi-Base Display

The top section shows your number in all four bases simultaneously:

DEC: 255
HEX: FF
OCT: 377
BIN: 11111111

Base Selection

Select your input base using the mode buttons:

• DEC: Enter decimal numbers
• HEX: Enter hexadecimal numbers
• OCT: Enter octal numbers
• BIN: Enter binary numbers

Adaptive Keyboard

The number pad adapts to your selected base:

• BIN mode: Only 0 and 1 active
• OCT mode: Only 0-7 active
• DEC mode: Only 0-9 active
• HEX mode: 0-9 and A-F active

Basic Conversions

Convert Decimal to Binary

Example: Convert 42 to binary

1. Select DEC mode
2. Enter: 42
3. Read the BIN display: 101010

Convert Binary to Decimal

Example: Convert 10110 to decimal

1. Select BIN mode
2. Enter: 10110
3. Read the DEC display: 22

Convert Hex to Decimal

Example: Convert 1F4 to decimal

1. Select HEX mode
2. Enter: 1F4
3. Read the DEC display: 500

Convert Decimal to Hex

Example: Convert 255 to hexadecimal

1. Select DEC mode
2. Enter: 255
3. Read the HEX display: FF

Arithmetic in Any Base

Binary Addition

Example: 1010 + 0110 in binary

1. Select BIN mode
2. Enter: 1010
3. Press: +
4. Enter: 0110
5. Press: =
6. Result: 10000 (16 in decimal)

Hexadecimal Multiplication

Example: A × F in hex

1. Select HEX mode
2. Enter: A
3. Press: ×
4. Enter: F
5. Press: =
6. Result: 96 (150 in decimal)

Bitwise Operations

CalcPro supports essential bitwise operations:

AND Operation

Compares each bit; result is 1 only if both bits are 1.

Example: 12 AND 10

  1100 (12)
AND 1010 (10)
  ----
  1000 (8)

1. Enter: 12
2. Press: AND
3. Enter: 10
4. Press: =
5. Result: 8

OR Operation

Compares each bit; result is 1 if either bit is 1.

Example: 12 OR 10

  1100 (12)
OR  1010 (10)
  ----
  1110 (14)

1. Enter: 12
2. Press: OR
3. Enter: 10
4. Press: =
5. Result: 14

XOR Operation (Exclusive OR)

Result is 1 only if the bits are different.

Example: 12 XOR 10

  1100 (12)
XOR 1010 (10)
  ----
  0110 (6)

1. Enter: 12
2. Press: XOR
3. Enter: 10
4. Press: =
5. Result: 6

NOT Operation

Inverts all bits (ones' complement).

Example: NOT 5

Binary of 5: 00000101
NOT:         11111010

1. Enter: 5
2. Press: NOT
3. Result depends on word size setting

Left Shift (LSH)

Shifts bits left, multiplying by 2 for each position.

Example: 5 << 2

5 = 00000101
Shift left 2: 00010100 = 20

1. Enter: 5
2. Press: LSH
3. Enter: 2
4. Press: =
5. Result: 20

Right Shift (RSH)

Shifts bits right, dividing by 2 for each position.

Example: 20 >> 2

20 = 00010100
Shift right 2: 00000101 = 5

1. Enter: 20
2. Press: RSH
3. Enter: 2
4. Press: =
5. Result: 5

Practical Applications

Web Colors (RGB to Hex)

Web colors use hexadecimal: #RRGGBB

Example: Convert RGB(255, 128, 0) to hex

1. Convert 255 → FF (red)
2. Convert 128 → 80 (green)
3. Convert 0 → 00 (blue)
4. Web color: #FF8000 (orange)

Unix File Permissions

Octal represents file permissions:

• Read (r) = 4
• Write (w) = 2
• Execute (x) = 1

Example: chmod 755

• 7 = 4+2+1 = rwx (owner)
• 5 = 4+0+1 = r-x (group)
• 5 = 4+0+1 = r-x (others)

Verify in CalcPro:

1. Select OCT mode
2. Enter: 755
3. Read binary: Each digit expands to 3 bits showing rwx

IP Address Subnetting

Convert IP octets and subnet masks:

Example: What is 255.255.255.0 in binary?

• 255 = 11111111
• 0 = 00000000
• So: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

This shows 24 network bits (/24 subnet).

Memory Addresses

Programmers work with hex addresses:

Example: Memory at 0x7FFF

1. Select HEX mode
2. Enter: 7FFF
3. DEC shows: 32767
4. BIN shows: 111111111111111 (15 ones)

Bit Flags

Many systems use individual bits as flags:

Example: Check if bit 3 is set in value 13

13 = 1101 in binary
Bit positions: 3210
Bit 3 = 1 (set!)

Use AND with a mask:

1. Enter: 13
2. Press: AND
3. Enter: 8 (binary 1000, only bit 3)
4. Press: =
5. Result: 8 (non-zero means bit 3 is set)

ASCII Codes

Convert ASCII codes between formats:

Example: 'A' = 65 decimal

1. Enter: 65 in DEC
2. HEX shows: 41
3. BIN shows: 1000001

Common ASCII reference:

• 'A' = 65 = 0x41
• 'a' = 97 = 0x61
• '0' = 48 = 0x30
• Space = 32 = 0x20

Working with Different Word Sizes

The calculator may support different word sizes affecting NOT and overflow:

• 8-bit: Values 0-255
• 16-bit: Values 0-65535
• 32-bit: Values 0-4294967295
• 64-bit: Very large values

Tips and Tricks

Quick Power-of-2 Check

A number is a power of 2 if: n AND (n-1) = 0

Example: Is 16 a power of 2?

1. Calculate: 16 AND 15
2. Result: 0 ✓ (Yes, it is!)

Example: Is 12 a power of 2?

1. Calculate: 12 AND 11
2. Result: 8 ✗ (No, it isn't)

Count Set Bits

XOR the number with itself shifted to clear bits one at a time.

Swap Without Temp Variable

Using XOR:

a = a XOR b
b = a XOR b
a = a XOR b

Check Odd/Even

A number is odd if its least significant bit is 1:

1. Calculate: n AND 1
2. Result 1 = odd, Result 0 = even

Common Conversions Reference

Decimal	Binary	Octal	Hex
0	0000	0	0
1	0001	1	1
2	0010	2	2
4	0100	4	4
8	1000	10	8
10	1010	12	A
15	1111	17	F
16	10000	20	10
32	100000	40	20
64	1000000	100	40
128	10000000	200	80
255	11111111	377	FF
256	100000000	400	100

Conclusion

CalcPro's Programmer Calculator is an indispensable tool for anyone working with computers at a low level. Whether you're debugging code, configuring networks, or learning computer science fundamentals, instant base conversion and bitwise operations save time and reduce errors.

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Next: Discover the Unit Converter with 19 categories of measurements!